“双碳”背景下中国能源消费碳排放与植被固碳的时空分异

为理解中国能源消费碳排放(ERCE)与植被固碳(VCS)的演变特征及空间差异,基于气象数据、遥感数据、土地覆盖数据及统计资料等,分别在全国尺度、省域尺度和县域尺度上,定量分析2000~2017年我国ERCE和VCS的动态变化与空间分异格局,并利用碳压力指数(CPI),表征二者之间的相互关系.结果表明:(1)我国ERCE和人均ERCE在2000~2017年间表现出显著增加趋势(P<0.01),但二者分别在2013年和2012年以后出现小幅下降;空间上,二者呈现出“北高南低、东高西低”的差异特征;(2)VCS和人均VCS均在2010年以后呈现快速增加趋势(P<0.01),幅度分别为148.09×10⁶t/a和0.04t/(人·a),东北、西南和黄土高原等区域VCS和人均VCS的增加幅度明显高于其他地区;(3)全国约有近1/3的省份CPI多年平均值在1以上(即ERCE高于VCS),其中上海、天津、江苏、山东、宁夏的CPI平均值较高,且增幅也相对较大,反映出这些区域具有较大的减排压力.研究结果可为我国不同区域碳减排政策的制定提供科学依据.     

小型岸边站技术在水质自动监测中稳定性和可靠性分析

以苏州河水质自动监测岸边站为例,根据近3年实际运行情况,从实样验收比对、连续运行比对等方面系统比较自动监测和实验室分析数据,深入探讨小型岸边站技术的稳定性和可靠性。结果表明:岸边站在线监测数据总体较为稳定,水温、溶解氧、p H、氨氮等监测结果和变化规律与实验室数据具有较好的相关性和一致性,其中,水温、p H、氨氮等指标均不存在明显差异,苏州河水质自动在线岸边站测定的数据真实可靠。加强自动站运维管理等可以进一步提高自动站数据质量。     

公路突发交通事件应急资源配置效率研究*

为合理有效配置公路突发事件下的应急资源，从资源投入与产出角度建立3级评价指标体系，在此基础上将应急资源投入与产出比作为目标函数，引入数据包络分析法构建应急资源配置效率模型，采用TOPSIS法对应急资源配置方案效率进行排序。以新疆10个公路局应急资源配置效率为例，分析其资源投入与产出的冗余度，并对有效决策单元进行排序。结果表明:该模型能获得应急资源配置冗余度，并对其进行资源配置效率分析，从而为公路局进行有效资源配置提供参考。     

基于PP-DEA模型的区域城镇化发展差异的综合评价

区域城镇化发展存在差异是客观现象,对这种差异进行科学、理性的评价是城镇化研究的核心内容之一。以安徽省区域城镇化发展差异为研究对象,以基于遗传算法的投影寻踪模型和数据包络分析模型为基础,从静态的发展水平和动态的发展效率两个方面对安徽省区域城镇化发展差异进行了综合评价,并通过构造综合差异指数把安徽省划分成4类城镇化发展水平区,包括高水平区、较高水平区、中水平区和低水平区,为此指出安徽省城镇化发展既要注重提高城镇化发展在资源投入、利用上的效率,又要坚持走提高发展质量和技术含量的内涵型发展之路。研究结果表明:基于PP-DEA模型的研究方法可有效克服传统的基于多元统计方法的综合评价技术的不足,能够更科学、更全面地反映区域城镇化发展的差异情况,其能对区域城镇化发展差异研究提供一定的参考价值。     

Alternating Copolymers and Alternative Device Geometries for Organic Photovoltaics

Bathymetry, the underwater topography, is a fundamental property of oceans, seas, and lakes. As such it is important for a wide range of applications, like physical oceanography, marine geology, geophysics and biology or the administration of marine resources. The exact requirements users may have regarding bathymetric data are, however, unclear. Here, the results of a questionnaire survey and a literature review are presented, concerning the use of Baltic Sea bathymetric data in research and for societal needs. It is demonstrated that there is a great need for detailed bathymetric data. Despite the abundance of high-quality bathymetric data that are produced for safety of navigation purposes, the digital bathymetric models publicly available to date cannot satisfy this need. Our study shows that DBMs based on data collected for safety of navigation could substantially improve the base data for administrative decision making as well as the possibilities for marine research in the Baltic Sea.     

非金属材料自然环境贮存特性数据库设计

针对型号单位长期利用专业环境试验机构各典型环境试验站开展自然环境试验,数据量大,数据类型多,数据分散,不能被设计师系统利用的实际情况,由五九所与北京电子工程技术研究所共同开发了非金属材料自然环境贮存特性数据库。数据库采用J2ee的技术架构进行开发,实现了对非金属材料自然环境贮存特性数据的有效管理、网络共享,为数据资源的系统积累和深层次利用奠定了基础。     

环境水质自动监测系统建设与运行管理

结合山东省环境水质自动监测系统的实际,就环境水质自动监测系统的建设、运行、管理等核心问题进行研究,提出了智能化、实用性、统一性相结合的系统集成方案和监控平台建设整体设计思路,分析了实行社会化、专业化、规模化运营的必要性,从完善监管机制、严格绩效考核、科学审核数据三方面探讨了系统监督管理模式,例证了自动监测数据在环境管理工作中的全面应用。     

Inter-observer variation in habitat survey data: investigating the consequences for professional practice

Environmental assessments and land-use planning require reliable information on the botanical composition and distribution of habitats. There have been numerous academic studies of inter-observer variation in species-inventory and habitat mapping, but studies addressing the prevalence of inter-observer variation and consequences of poor quality data in professional practice are lacking. This paper addresses these questions via a questionnaire survey of environmental professionals, using the standard Phase 1 and National Vegetation Classification (NVC) survey methods in the United Kingdom. The survey revealed that misidentification of habitat types within survey reports was relatively common (approximating to 20% of all reports seen by respondents over the previous five years). Approximately 40% of respondents who had encountered erroneous reports stated that these had led to inaccurate initial site ecological assessments. Additional field surveys and discussions with surveyors were commonly used to resolve these issues, but for Phase 1 and NVC 26% and 34% of respondents, respectively, had encountered one or more cases where errors resulted in negative consequences for clients commissioning surveys (in terms of extra costs and project delays). Net loss of biodiversity arising from inaccurate reports was reported in at least one instance by 32% and 38% of respondents for Phase 1 and NVC surveys, respectively – results that may contribute to the attrition of natural capital within the UK. The study highlights the need to extend studies of inter-observer variation to consider impacts on environmental assessments and decision-making in professional practice. The potential benefits of introducing an accreditation scheme (favoured by the majority of respondents to the questionnaire) are discussed.     

Safety assessment of automated vehicles: how to determine whether we have collected enough field data?

Abstract

Objective: The amount of collected field data from naturalistic driving studies is quickly increasing. The data are used for, among others, developing automated driving technologies (such as crash avoidance systems), studying driver interaction with such technologies, and gaining insights into the variety of scenarios in real-world traffic. Because data collection is time consuming and requires high investments and resources, questions like “Do we have enough data?,” “How much more information can we gain when obtaining more data?,” and “How far are we from obtaining completeness?” are highly relevant. In fact, deducing safety claims based on collected data—for example, through testing scenarios based on collected data—requires knowledge about the degree of completeness of the data used. We propose a method for quantifying the completeness of the so-called activities in a data set. This enables us to partly answer the aforementioned questions.

Method: In this article, the (traffic) data are interpreted as a sequence of different so-called scenarios that can be grouped into a finite set of scenario classes. The building blocks of scenarios are the activities. For every activity, there exists a parameterization that encodes all information in the data of each recorded activity. For each type of activity, we estimate a probability density function (pdf) of the associated parameters. Our proposed method quantifies the degree of completeness of a data set using the estimated pdfs.

Results: To illustrate the proposed method, 2 different case studies are presented. First, a case study with an artificial data set, of which the underlying pdfs are known, is carried out to illustrate that the proposed method correctly quantifies the completeness of the activities. Next, a case study with real-world data is performed to quantify the degree of completeness of the acquired data for which the true pdfs are unknown.

Conclusion: The presented case studies illustrate that the proposed method is able to quantify the degree of completeness of a small set of field data and can be used to deduce whether sufficient data have been collected for the purpose of the field study. Future work will focus on applying the proposed method to larger data sets. The proposed method will be used to evaluate the level of completeness of the data collection on Singaporean roads, aimed at defining relevant test cases for the autonomous vehicle road approval procedure that is being developed in Singapore.     

丹江口库区陆地植被物候空间格局及其与海拔的响应关系

海拔高度变化对区域温度、降水都起着至关重要的作用,从而会对植被物候特征产生影响。以丹江口库区为研究区,分析库区植被物候随海拔变化特征,该工作的开展对进一步认识库区植物物候空间特征,进而监测库区土地覆盖变化具有重要实践意义。研究采用Savitzky-Golay滤波算法重建库区2001~2012年MODIS 16天最大合成EVI时序影像数据,对重建后的时间序列影像采用动态阈值法提取库区陆地植被关键物候特征信息,并对库区陆地植被物候特征随海拔梯度变化特征进行分析。研究结果表明,丹江口库区陆地植被生长季为4月上旬至10月上旬,南部山区林地生长季最长,而库区中部、东部耕地生长季较短。植被物候特征随海拔梯度变化呈现两个较为明显的区域,低海拔区域植被生长季开始时间(Start of Season,SOS)随海拔升高而提前,生长季结束时间(End of Season,EOS)随海拔升高而推迟,进而导致生长季长度(Length of Season,LOS)随海拔升高而延长。而在海拔较高山区,林地植被物候呈现完全相反变化趋势。受丹江口水库和人类活动的影响,丹江口库区植被分布随海拔变化呈现两个较为明显的区域。